WAGGONER, Glen Alan. " The Black Hand: Agrarian Anarchism In Southern Spain, 1881-1883 "
Catalonia (Spain)Spain. 19th CenturyAndalusia (Spain)* bibliographiePh. D. Columbia University.1983. 324 p
DAI, VOL. 44-12A, Page 3779
La Mano Negra—"The Black Hand"—was the ominous name given to an allegedly secret society of Andalusian anarchists popularly thought to be responsible for an outbreak of rural violence that swept southern Spain in the early 1880’s.…
I trace the history of the anarchist movement in Spain after 1868, with special emphasis on the divergence of Catalan and Andalusian branches; examine the social and economic bases of rural unrest in southern Spain in the early 1880’s; and tell the story of the Black Hand within this historical context. In so doing, I show that the answer, even if known for certain, to another, still-puzzling question— "Did the Black Hand ever actually exist?"— would not alter the significance of the Black Hand in Spanish history”.