This kind of anarchism is assumed to have become extinct during the inter-War period, crushed between the pincers of the Parliamentary Labour Party and the Communist Party. But in a few places, notably Glasgow, it continued to flourish, thanks to individuals like John and his mentor, Guy
Aldred. Aldred was the main organiser and theoretician of this movement. John’s first encounter with him at the Glasgow May Day demonstration in 1934 left such a deep impression on him that later in the year he joined
Aldred’s United Socialist Movement (USM).
In 1938, John left his seafaring employment to work, full
time but unpaid, for Aldred’s movement. For almost three decades he devoted himself to printing the movement’s paper The Word (plus a veritable mountain of
pamphlets) and turned his hand to whatever needed doing.
The USM took an important part in all the political actions of its time, from support of the Spanish revolutionary cause in 1936-8, through the anti-war struggles of 1939-45 (in which John himself was a conscientious objector), and on to the anti-militarist and peace campaigns of the Fifties and Sixties.
All this was achieved against a background of ever-present poverty, with barely enough money to eat, never mind provide meeting rooms or publish its propaganda. The most intense period of activity was undoubtedly 1936-38 in support of the Spanish revolutionary cause. Meeting were held every night and funds had to be raised to send two comrades (Ethel MacDonald and Jenny Patrick) to Spain. But the group was in desperate need of a printing press. Amazingly, Aldred persuaded a "Roneo" salesman to let
them have a duplicator on approval, which was immediately pressed into service to produce a broadsheet, Regeneracion, giving uncensored news from Spain.
In 1938 the group again became homeless and the duplicator was repossessed. But with a generous donation from one of their stalwarts, they managed to acquire an antiquated printing press at scrap value from the veteran Glasgow socialist Tom Anderson. A new paper was hurried into
print ready for May Day, and following John’s suggestion it was called The Word. It was an instant success, and as John noted, was seized on "as readily as if it were a free handbill." By 1939, with the help of the Strickland bequest, the Strickland Press was set up at 104-106 George
Street. From there, The Word continued to be published until, in 1962, the Press was forced to remove to Montrose Street. The George Street premises were the heart of this anarchist oasis in Glasgow, as a meeting-place,
bookshop, printing press and social centre for a whole generation of
Glaswegians. John managed to capture this in an epitaph for the group’s
old HQ written after it had been bulldozed for a new University of
Strathclyde building:
When the meeting was over the chairs were replaced and the audiencemeandered upstairs where books were bought and fresh arguments broke outamongst small groups. The old man was tired but he was loth to hurry them away. Some, he knew, went home to misery and loneliness. The evening in
the old cellar was a rare feast of companionship for them. And for the few young ones it was good too. Not just a case of agreeing with the old master, but a challenge to read and, most importantly, to think for
themselves.
In the post-war period Aldred was a candidate in a number of General Elections and by-elections ˆ not in the hope or expectation of being elected, but purely as a propaganda exercise, a cost-effective way "to expose the farcical and false nature of parliamentarism," as John put it.
In all of these, John acted as Aldred’s election agent, handling key
aspects of the campaigns from organising the nocturnal squads of
bill-posters and street-chalkers to booking meeting-halls to printing and
delivering 10,000 handbills and election addresses.
Despite this frenzy of activity, in Aldred’s lifetime John took a
background role. After Aldred’s death in October 1963, however, he stepped
forward to keep the movement going. Virtually single-handedly he continued
to publish The Word (later transmuted to The Word Quarterly). But the USM
fell into decline, and by 1968 John was forced to close its printing press
and bookshop.
Still he refused to be silenced. He devoted the rest of his long life to
"guarding the movement against oblivion", depositing archival material in
libraries such as the Mitchell Library and the libraries of Strathclyde
and Glasgow Caledonian Universities, and editing a collection of Aldred’s
works for World Microfilms. In addition, Luath Press published his
biography of Guy Aldred, Come Dungeons Dark (1988) albeit in abbreviated
form, and subsequently Northern Herald Books published his two important
volumes of autobiography, Severely Dealt With (1993) and With Fate
Conspire (1999). The former, a vivid depiction of his harsh upbringing in
Belfast and Glasgow, was well received and was a bestseller for three
consecutive months at John Smith’s historic bookshop in central Glasgow
(now also, alas, defunct). Most recently, about eighteen months before his
death, John had made an important contribution to a forthcoming film about
"The Spanish Pimpernel", Ethel MacDonald.
In addition, John was always willing to speak at events in Glasgow, trying
to bring alive the history of the movement for a new generation of
anarchists and direct actionists. This he did well into his nineties, for
example speaking at Glasgow’s John Maclean Centre three or four years ago.
Born in Whiteinch, Glasgow, the third child of a family of six, John moved
to Belfast at the age of three, but following his mother’s death, in 1925
the family moved back to Glasgow, where he and his younger siblings
endured semi-starvation and frequent beatings at the hands of their father
and stepmother.
Beyond a knowledge of the three Rs acquired in a Belfast elementary
school, John was completely self-educated. He had the insatiable thirst
for knowledge which until fairly recently was a characteristic feature of
working class radical movements. Stimulated by the striking picture of
Neanderthal Man featured in an instalment of Wells’ Outline of History, he
went on to read widely in history, literature, poetry, philosophy and
political ideas, contributing his knowledge of these subjects to the
discussion groups which were an integral part of USM activities.
He was also a writer of no mean talent. Occasionally he would contribute
an article for The Word, but he also wrote a series of children’s stories
for the Daily Mirror and The Comet. He was even invited to join the staff
of Amalgamated Press but characteristically put his unpaid political work
first. He had a deep love of poetry, and from his adolescence an abiding
fascination with the life and work of Thomas Chatterton, but most of his
own poetry remained unpublished.
To some extent this may have been due to his self-effacing character. He
was, as he put it, "a humble and obscure actor", and working with the
domineering personality of Guy Aldred did nothing to alter this. Yet after
Aldred’s death his many talents blossomed. He was always ready to assist
fellow workers with their research, especially if it promised to "spread
the word" to new audiences and to shed new light on the movement to which
he had devoted his life.
Aldred’s 1961 tribute to Ethel MacDonald is equally applicable to John:

"It seems rather odd that we should have the desire to struggle forward and to change the world and to put it right. Yet for some strange reason a contradiction arises within us. We do struggle, we do change the world. One generation emerges into another. The hopes of yesterday’s heroes and martyrs become the inspiring slogans of the martyrs and heroes of today, and by them are passed on to the heroes and martyrs that will be tomorrow. I must be bold in mind and spirit so as to play my part in bringing about the new world in which [John Caldwell] believed, and to create which [he] toiled and struggled."