Ph.D., Columbia University, 1987. 564 p.
DAI, VOL. 48-08A, Page 2142

“A small number of Chinese intellectuals proclaimed themselves to be anarchist revolutionaries in the first decade of the twentieth century.… Though divided into two groups of exiles, one in Tokyo and one in Paris, the first generation of Chinese anarchists also participated in dialogues with a variety of Chinese nationalists, revolutionaries, and reformers.

In both deeper assumptions that provided the basis for their anarchism and in many of their immediate proposals, the anarchists were part of the mainstream of contemporary Chinese political discourse. They perhaps led their generation in analyzing foreign imperialism, in promoting science and technology, and in criticizing Chinese social organization and customs, especially the family and sexual inequality, thus anticipating much of the "cultural revolution" of the May Fourth era and the anarchist critique of the nation-state, government, economic exploitation, and other forms of authoritarianism became a significant part of China’s entry into the modern and internationalist age.

The anarchists were pivotal in introducing Marx to China. Between 1906 and 1911 they promoted radical egalitarianism and individual freedom in the name of justice; and they proclaimed that the world was tending toward these ideals. That the first generation of anarchists nonetheless turned conservative in the 1910s and 1920’s was a reflection of increasing pressures. ”