Middle Eastern Studies 41 no. 3 (2005), 303-320.

"Examines the establishment of the Free Popular University or Università Popolare Libera (UPL) and its role in the broader pattern of anarchist activity and the development of the labor movement in late nineteenth century Egypt. Aims and objectives of the UPL; Political and socio-economic changes and the development of working class political radicalism and militant labor movement in the country; Failure of the UPL to meet its objectives due to limited financial and political resources of the anarchist movement".

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